Muslim astronomers

Jabir ibn Aflah is the first Muslim astronomers in Europe to build the observatory Giralda, in Serville. His work entitled The Book of Astronomy

Astronomy is the science that has long been the object of study of Muslims. Through the study of this science of the Muslims are able to unravel the mystery of the heavenly bodies and provide a valuable contribution to the world.

Attention to astronomy has given birth to the Muslim astronomers a great influence on the world stage. Here are seven of these astronomers, many of the references to scientists, both Muslim and non-Muslims.

1. Al-Farghani

His full name is Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani. He was born in Farghana, a town on the banks of the river Sardania, Uzbekistan. Western scholars of the Middle Ages called her Al-Fraganus.

Al-Farghana lived during the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun in the 9th century AD. At that time, the government did provide support for the development of science and technology, including the study of astronomy. Even the Caliph to build a research institute called Al-Mamun Academy. Al-Farghani is one of the scientists who were recruited to join the academy.

In the academy, Al-Farghani conduct experiments to determine the diameter of the earth. He also described the distance and the diameter of the other planets. Astronomers also introduces the terms of the original Arabic as azimuth, zenith, nadir, and so on.

Al-Farghani wrote two famous works. One of them is fi al-Harakat al-Samawiya Ilm wa al-Jawami augury. The book is peeling and the study of celestial motion of the stars. Arabic original manuscript until the book is still stored in Paris (France) and Berlin (Germany).

In the 12th century AD, Al-Farghani works have been translated as The Elements of Astronomy. This translation has been a big influence for the development of astronomy in Europe before the time of Regiomontanus.

2. Ibn Rusta

His full name is Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rusta. He was an astronomer whose theory is always based on Qur `an.

His book is the famous Al-an-Nafisa A'lak written between the years 903 to 913 AD This book is updated by De Goeje (Leiden) in 1892 AD

Book by Ibn Rusta explains various disciplines, including mathematics, geography, and history. The early chapters contain sfera-sfera sky, the signs of the zodiac, the planets, planet positions in the universe, as well as shape, size, and sferisitasnya.

Rusta Ibn systematically tried to distinguish between mathematical and geographical geographically astronomical. He even tried to discuss briefly the sources of knowledge, different views, as well as astronomical theories Arabic, Greek, and India. The views of the astronomers of the rotation are also included in it.

In the book, after the introduction, Ibn Rusta add a description of Mecca and Medina. These scientists cite many verses of Al-Qur `an to strengthen the scientific views.

3. Ibn Iraq

Full name of Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq. He is known as an astronomer and mathematician prominent around the year 1000 AD Memoirs written in the book of Al-Amir and Amir al-Mawla Mu'minin.

There are approximately 15 texts on mathematics and astronomy written by him. He praised the scientists for the method in determining findings apooge point, which is the farthest point from the earth revolves around the sun now, which was always changing the Ecliptic (the orbit where the sun seems to move).

4. Jabir ibn Aflah

Jabir ibn Aflah name is often confused with the character Jabir Ibn Hayyan, a chemical engineer to the 8th century AD Both have the same Latin name, which is Geber. And Aflah or Muhammed Jabir Jabir ibn Aflah is mid-century astronomer. He comes from Serville.

Jabir ibn Aflah is the first Muslim astronomers in Europe to build the observatory Giralda. This observatory is located in his hometown, Serville.

The astronomical works include a book called The Book of Astronomy. A copy of this book is still stored in Berlin.

In the book, Jabir sharply critical of some views and thoughts Ptolemaneus astronomers, especially the opinion that affirms that the planets nearest the sun - Mercury and venus - does not have parallax value, which changes the position of an object due to migration observations. Jabir himself parallax value of about 3 degrees to the sun. Also states that planets closer to Earth than the sun.

Jabir's book also explains trigonometry specifically in one chapter.


5. Al-Bitriji

He is a Spanish-Arab astronomer. Astronomical theory of well-known until now is a spiral motion. This theory is a source of Aristotelianism understood initiated by Ibn Bajjah, teacher, and the astronomer Jabir ibn Aflah.

The theory of spiral movement resulting from the formulation simplicus (6th century AH). According to this theory, sfera-sfera sky swirled around the axes is different so it will produce a spiral-shaped movement. This theory is described at length in a book entitled al-Haya Fil.

6. Ibn Saffar

Ibn Saffar is a mathematician and astronomer Spanish nationality. He has written a number of astronomical tables Sindhid method. The work is no less quality than another treatise he made about the use of the astrolabe.

Unfortunately, some parts of the astronomical tables that were written in Arabic only a few survived in its original language. Was a book that tells about the use of the astrolabe has been edited by JM Millas Vallicrosa astronomer. The script has been written in two versions of Latin.

Astrolabe is the name of some astronomical equipment used for the purposes of theoretical and practical. For instance props and instruments defining the right time graphically every day.

7. Al-Khwarizmi

His full name is Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. He was born in the year 770 AD in Khwarizm (Kheva), a town south of the Oxus River (now Uzbekistan) and died in 847 AD

He was the first scientist to successfully create the new moon visibility criteria used to determine the entry of the month of Ramadan. The criteria are then refined by the next generation of Muslim scholars called Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Majriti. Was Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi (from Tunisia), as well as Muslim astronomer, managed to also find the new moon visibility criteria that differ markedly from the opinion of Al-Khwarizmi in the early 13th century.

Al-Khwarizmi also known as the first scientist who introduced the concept of mathematical algorithms, namely systematic thinking method that is widely used in computer science. Al-Khwarizmi's name known in Europe with the title Algorizm, forerunners of the algorithm name. [W Murtiningsih / Delta / www.hidayatullah.com]

Clouds

In a place far away from the city, was a young man rushed into a small mosque. His face showed anxiety and uncertainty. He is like looking for something in the mosque.

"Assalam Alaikum, Teacher!" he said to an old man who looks busy sweeping the room mosque. Spontaneous, the old man to stop busy. He turned to the boy and his smile was expanding. "Wa'alaikumussalam. My son. Come in!" he said, putting a broom in the corner. After that, he and his guests sat cross-legged.

"What, my son?" he said with a smile that was too furl. "Teacher. I accepted employment in the city!" said the boy later. "Thank God," said the grandfather happy. "Teacher, if you do not mind, give me advice to succeed!" said the young man, looking down. Saying he was waiting for his grandfather before him.

"My son. Be like water. And do not follow the trail of clouds," a string of short sentences glide quietly from the mouth of the grandfather. The boy had not reacted. He thought hard as word meaning teacher. But, to no avail. "I mean, Professor?" he said later.

"My son. Water teaches us to always humble. Despite coming from a high place, he always wanted to go down. The bigger, more numerous; water so excited to move down. He was always looking for gaps to be coursing beneath the world," certainly the grandfather quietly. "Then with the clouds, Teacher?" asked the boy wonder.

"Do not even like clouds, my son. Look! Clouds come from low places, but wanted to quickly be in high places. The lighter, the more he is not weighted; cloud rose more anxious," explained the grandfather was so wise. "But my son," he added later. "The height of the cloud was just a game material wind." And the young man seemed to nod slowly.
**
One thousand one hope is often addressed for the good activists. They are hoping is the weak who need protection, the poor who want help, and lay people who desire guidance.

Arrangement hope it leads to one point: that good quality good activists not just stop at the person of the perpetrator. But, can flow to the bottom: wet basin hope that increasingly dry, and turn green seeds that begin to turn yellow.

Unfortunately, not all the good quality of activists such as the water is always flowing and the constant flow of fresh life below. Because there are some people who just the opposite, like a cloud of the earth farther away. As if anyone wants they express: good-bye to the underworld; sorry, we were busy chatting with the wind. (mnuh / eramuslim)

Frog

At a place on the edge of the forest, a place of students preparing for evening prayer. He broom dust and dry leaves are scattered around the room praying. A moment later, prayer mats were spread out toward mecca. The rain which began to subside add silence of the night.

"Bismillah," the voice of the students started the prayer. But, "Kung ... kung ... kung!" Shouted a loud voice like the students to rip absorption. He also turned to the window. "Ah, frog voice again!" he said to myself.

It was several times he wanted to start praying the night, always a frog's voice shouted to shackle. Of course, it was very disturbing. Cook, who should be praying tonight so humble, always caught a frog's face. Round eyes, neck and head together and pointed in the mouth, and bubbles in the neck that produces such a high note: kung!

"Astaghfirullah! How can humble," said the students, opening the window of her room. He poked his head out the window as he stared at the puddle right next to the window. But, a few frogs still shouting. They do not seem to care about the satirical 'smooth' the students.

Until finally, "Shut up!" The students shouted loudly. Louder than the cries of frogs. Yeah, right. Shouts students no longer make a frog noise. They were silent. Perhaps, the frogs realized that they were not liked. Even possible, is threatened. "Well, so much better," chanted the students, closing the window.

He went back to focus only on fixed her prayers. I confronted my face only to God, the Creator of heaven and earth. But, "Kung ... kung ... kung!" The frogs shouted shouted back. Spontaneous, the students returned to stop prayers.

This time, he did not immediately moved toward the window. He just stared at the closed window. The students like staring at something. Old ..., he did not do anything but thoughtfully in silence.

"Astaghfirullah," the voice of the students later. "Why did I take the frogs scream as interference. It may be, they're singing accompany this cool night. Or even, the frogs were praising God even as I also praise Him in prayer tonight.

Astaghfirullah, "said the students with a deep breath. And, he started with such solemn prayer. Reverent ... once. So even with the frogs:" Kung ... kung ... kung! "

***

Sometimes, because of selfish self, perspective does not fit falls in place. Let the others sound different. Because may be, that's their prayer beads. (mnuh/eramuslim)

Nature Crab

Perhaps many know the form of crab, but not many know the nature of the crab. I hope you do not have a malevolent nature of the crab.

In the Philippines, rural communities loved to catch and eat crabs fields. Crabs were small in size but it was quite delicious. The crabs were caught easily at night, then put into a bowl / container, without bound.

Image via Wikipedia

Image via Wikipedia

The next day, the crabs will be boiled and then eaten for side dishes for a few days. The most interesting of these habits, the crabs that will always try to get out of the basin, their strength, by using claws, powerful claws. But a reliable crabber always calm although his catch was always trying to escape.

The recipe is only one, namely the hunter knew perfectly well the nature of the crab.

If there is a crab that almost escaped out of the basin, his friends would be pulled back to basics again. If there is more to rise rapidly to the mouth of the basin, again his friend would pull down ... and so on until finally nothing worked out. The next day the hunters lived boiled them all, and die of envy herd of crabs that.

Similarly, in this life ...

we unconsciously sometimes be like the crabs that. That should be fun if a friend or relative we experience our success even suspect, lest it achieved success in ways that are not bener. Especially in the business or other things that contain elements of competition, the nature of envy, spite, or more real hypocrites and if not soon we realize we have unwittingly kill ourselves.

Success will come if we can realize that in business or competition is not important who wins, but more importantly than that how far we can develop ourselves fully. If we grow, we may win or may lose in a competition, but that we must win in this life.

Sign someone is a 'crab':

1. Always remember the error outside party (could be other people or circumstances) the past and make it a principle / guidelines in the act

2. Many criticize but no change

3. Hobbies other people's shortcomings but do not know the weaknesses of his own so he is occupied only attract the crabs that come out of the basin and to forget himself escape attempt.

... Should the crabs that help one another out of the basin, but yach ... much needed soul to do it ...

Without really realizing many of the crabs that are around us we do not realize had become "Dream Stealer" (thief dreams) you slowly. Think about how much time you used to think of ways to be a winner. In social life, business, school, or religion. And change the time to think of ways to develop yourself into a healthy person and successful.

"Dream High" and Never ever give up. (Yoliandri)

973 Principles

Image via Wikipedia

Cover via Amazon

DID YOU KNOW PRINCIPLES 973 (Principles 973)?
Why only 3% of people who Success In Finance? Because when the opportunity comes .. There are 97% of people will:
* Think-think. (Too long to think)
* The fear / hesitate. (Overly cautious as bad as not careful)
* Not like now. (Delay)
* The money saved alone. (Confused, so play it safe, but your interest rate can not cover inflation)
* Not Trust. (Lack of knowledge but too embarrassed to consult a specialist & have successful)
* Did not have time. (Just as an excuse for laziness, to be sure you have a rest period of 3 hours per day)
* Waiting for the political and economic stability. (Just an excuse because in any case there is a chance)
* No money, etc.. (Most of the reason, but many of the solution if you want)


Result:
97% of people will join up later, finally left only 3% that can be enjoyed. (A lot of people fighting for what little remains). And only 3% of people who will:
* Quickly learn these opportunities and make decisions.
* Quick start with passion and heart every time.


The result: 3% People will enjoy 97% of the total results there. (Few people seem to enjoy the results so abundant) If you yourself are most like those 97% (the people in general). We suggest you to read the book RICH DAD, POOR DAD first. We believe your life will change if you are willing to open and read it ..